{"genre": "L", "category": 1, "index": 2, "name": "Poem of Creation (*Enūma eliš*)", "hasDoi": true, "numberOfVerses": 1096, "approximateVerses": false, "intro": "The text *Enūma eliš*, also known as the *Poem of Creation*, is a Babylonian poem that narrates the creation of the universe through the battle between the god Marduk and the primeval goddess Tiamtu. The poem is divided into seven tablets, with the end of the sixth and the whole of the seventh devoted to celebrating Marduk under fifty different names. The text adapts earlier mythological material to new needs, showing a complex melting pot of religious and literary motifs.  \nThe date of composition of the poem is debated, with proposals ranging from the Old Babylonian period to the first millennium BCE. The most accepted view sees the poem as a composition commissioned by Nebuchadnezzar I in the course of his recovery of the statue of Marduk from the Elamites in the last quarter of the 12ᵗʰ century BCE  \nThe text was perhaps the most popular religious composition in ancient Mesopotamia, as evidenced by numerous references to it in letters or royal inscriptions, the existence of an Assyrianising version, and the multiplicity of school texts with extracts from the poem. It was recited in its entirety during the Babylonian New Year festival and other Babylonian rituals. The influence of *Enūma eliš* on the Book of Genesis is subject of intense scholarly discussion. It seems clear that the text was well known outside of Mesopotamia, since the philosopher Damascius was still able to provide a precise summary of its contents in the 6ᵗʰ century CE.  \nG. Smith, the discoverer of the text, first reported its existence in 1875. The classic edition by King (1901) has recently been updated in the monographs by Kämmerer and Metzler (2012) and W. G. Lambert (2013). The eBL edition incorporates numerous new fragments.", "chapters": [{"stage": "Standard Babylonian", "name": "I", "uncertainFragments": [], "title": [{"text": "When On High No Word Was Used For Heaven", "type": "StringPart"}]}, {"stage": "Standard Babylonian", "name": "II", "uncertainFragments": [], "title": [{"text": "Tiamat Assembled Her Creatures", "type": "StringPart"}]}, {"stage": "Standard Babylonian", "name": "III", "uncertainFragments": [], "title": [{"text": "Anshar Made Ready To Speak", "type": "StringPart"}]}, {"stage": "Standard Babylonian", "name": "IV", "uncertainFragments": [], "title": [{"text": "They Set Out For Him A Princely Dais", "type": "StringPart"}]}, {"stage": "Standard Babylonian", "name": "V", "uncertainFragments": [], "title": [{"text": "He Made Positions For The Great Gods", "type": "StringPart"}]}, {"stage": "Standard Babylonian", "name": "VI", "uncertainFragments": [], "title": [{"text": "When Marduk Had Heard The Speech Of The Gods", "type": "StringPart"}]}, {"stage": "Standard Babylonian", "name": "VII", "uncertainFragments": [], "title": [{"text": "“(10) Asari, Grantor Of Arable Land, Who Established Irrigated Fields", "type": "StringPart"}]}], "references": [{"id": "RN991", "type": "EDITION", "pages": "", "notes": "", "linesCited": [], "document": {"id": "RN991", "author": [{"given": "Ph.", "family": "Talon"}], "title": "Enuma Elish. The Standard Babylonian Creation Myth", "publisher": "The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project", "publisher-place": "Helsinki", "collection-title": "State Archives of Assyria. Cuneiform Texts", "type": "book", "citation-label": "RN991", "issued": {"date-parts": [[2005]]}, "collection-number": "4"}}, {"id": "RN1013", "type": "EDITION", "pages": "", "notes": "", "linesCited": [], "document": {"id": "RN1013", "author": [{"given": "Wilfred G.", "family": "Lambert"}], "title": "Babylonian Creation Myths", "publisher": "Eisenbrauns", "publisher-place": "Winona Lake", "collection-title": "Mesopotamian Civilizations", "type": "book", "citation-label": "RN1013", "issued": {"date-parts": [[2013]]}, "collection-number": "16", "DOI": "10.1515/9781575068619"}}, {"id": "RN428", "type": "TRANSLATION", "pages": "", "notes": "", "linesCited": [], "document": {"id": "RN428", "author": [{"given": "Wilfred G.", "family": "Lambert"}], "title": "Enuma Elisch", "container-title": "Texte aus der Umwelt des Alten Testaments. Band III. Weisheitstexte, Mythen und Epen. Mythen und Epen II", "editor": [{"given": "Otto", "family": "Kaiser"}], "publisher": "Gütersloher Verlagshaus", "publisher-place": "Gütersloh", "page": "565-602", "type": "chapter", "citation-label": "RN428", "issued": {"date-parts": [[1994]]}}}, {"id": "RN164", "type": "TRANSLATION", "pages": "436–486", "notes": "", "linesCited": [], "document": {"id": "RN164", "author": [{"family": "Foster", "given": "Benjamin R."}], "title": "Before the Muses. An Anthology of Akkadian Literature", "publisher": "CDL Press", "publisher-place": "Bethesda", "edition": "3rd", "type": "book", "citation-label": "RN164", "issued": {"date-parts": [[2005]]}}}, {"id": "RN421", "type": "TRANSLATION", "pages": "37–59", "notes": "", "linesCited": [], "document": {"id": "RN421", "author": [{"given": "Wilfred G.", "family": "Lambert"}], "title": "Mesopotamian Creation Stories", "container-title": "Imagining Creation", "editor": [{"given": "Markham J.", "family": "Geller"}, {"given": "M.", "family": "Schipper"}], "publisher": "Brill", "publisher-place": "Leiden", "page": "15-59", "type": "chapter", "citation-label": "RN421", "issued": {"date-parts": [[2008]]}, "DOI": "10.1163/ej.9789004157651.i-424.9"}}, {"id": "RN2170", "type": "DISCUSSION", "pages": "", "notes": "", "linesCited": [], "document": {"id": "RN2170", "author": [{"given": "G.", "family": "Gabriel"}], "title": "enūma eliš – Weg zu einer globalen Weltordnung: Pragmatik, Struktur und Semantik des babylonischen “Lieds auf Marduk”", "publisher": "Mohr Siebeck", "publisher-place": "Tübingen", "collection-title": "Orientalische Religionen in der Antike", "type": "book", "citation-label": "RN2170", "issued": {"date-parts": [[2014]]}, "collection-number": "12"}}, {"id": "RN994", "type": "EDITION", "pages": "", "notes": "", "linesCited": [], "document": {"id": "RN994", "author": [{"family": "Kämmerer", "given": "T.R."}, {"family": "Metzler", "given": "Kai A."}], "title": "Das babylonische Weltschöpfungsepos Enūma elîš", "publisher": "Ugarit-Verlag", "publisher-place": "Münster", "collection-title": "Alter Orient und Altes Testament", "type": "book", "citation-label": "RN994", "issued": {"date-parts": [[2012]]}, "collection-number": "375"}}, {"id": "SipLib2", "type": "DISCUSSION", "pages": "", "notes": "", "linesCited": [], "document": {"id": "SipLib2", "author": [{"family": "Fadhil", "given": "Anmar A."}, {"family": "Jiménez", "given": "Enrique"}], "title": "Literary Texts From the Sippar Library II: The Epic of Creation", "container-title": "Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie", "page": "191-230", "type": "article-journal", "citation-label": "SipLib2", "issued": {"date-parts": [[2021]]}, "volume": 111, "DOI": "10.1515/za-2021-0006"}}, {"id": "Heinrich2022Enuma", "type": "TRANSLATION", "pages": "", "notes": "", "linesCited": [], "document": {"id": "Heinrich2022Enuma", "type": "book", "publisher": "C. 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